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Turner 談教育研究與教育理論
作者:lisky 日期:2010-04-28
Turner談教育理論
2010.4.5
李宗薇
當老師的吸引因素之一是有寒暑假。放假可休憩、可旅遊、可充電，老師的期盼心理一如學生。今年寒假不出國，又因新聞老早播報「史上最長的年假」，春節前就備妥想看的書及DVD，打算好好遨遊書海與影片。諸位或者想，看書、看DVD都很西松平常，何必要等過年？殊不知平日教學、研究、指導學生論文等將時間塞滿不說且切割的零碎，讀期刊論文都常被打斷，不似過年，看書觀影可一氣呵成，少被干擾。今年過年期間台北天氣濕冷，出遊不宜，但倒是讀書的好天氣，除了精神抖擻，思路也格外清晰。
先談Turner的教育理論(Theory of education)一書。
開宗明義，Turner先提2003年英國的社會科學研究報告，該報告的結論有二：其一為英國社會科學有大量且持續增加的研究已經及正在進行；其二，對於上述研究的批評也持續增加。而這種情形不是英國獨有，類似的討論在美國也可見。
Turner 引述學者及專業學術團體對教育研究品質的批評，多聚焦於教育研究者進行時不符合研究規範或應用不當，以致影響研究品質。但Turner認為目前社會科學研究，尤其是教育研究，應用的方法與原則不當，根本無法帶來高品質的研究。換言之，Turner質疑英、美的教育研究的問題不是研究者個人的問題，或是研究之「術」—研究方法或程序出紕漏，而是研究背後依據的理論架構有瑕疵，故他認為解決之道應從上游，也就是教育理論著手。
老實說，Turner對教育研究的看法用之於台灣也說得通。過去十餘年來，國內教育研究的論文、書籍等在數量上急增，但品質是否也一併提升，恐怕很難有正面答案。Turner書引起我注意的是，是他認為好的教育理論需符合下列標準：
1. 允許個人自由意志的範圍合乎倫理
2. 對於容許個人有超過一個以上的正確方法發展個人教育生涯(多面向)
3. 在瞭解的層級上，無論是個人及學校，或與更廣的社會之間，容許個人有部分的自主性(autonomy)
Turner 提出這三項規準，多少反映他認為目前教育理論太限制個人意志、太過決定論、太單一面向等。他以此三規準檢視教育理論，認為唯有先清除了地面，才能在上面植基、建立架構，進而容許教育研究發展建立可累積的傳統，在品質方面提升。
Turner 的教育理論三規準是否能成為教育研究的普世規準或通則，恐怕還需進一步的驗證。教育理論的對象是人，如欲以自然界的科學理論或原則套用在教育或社會學科，恐並不適宜。別忘了，教育是在脈絡之下進行，而脈絡又牽涉到社會、文化等因素，故教育理論要考量的因素既多且複雜，需要更全面、更仔細的檢視。
[本日誌由 lisky 於 2010-05-03 08:54 AM 編輯]
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