電子教科書的時代已來臨?
作者:lisky 日期:2010-01-07
電子教科書的時代已來臨?
091208 李宗薇
(本文刊於 教科書研究,第2卷,2期,118-122。)
讀者或者想,電子書(ebook, electronic book, digital book)並非創舉,2000年美國驚悚小說家Stephen King新書完成後,先出電子書,讀者上網付費後可下載並列印(僅限一次),印刷的書籍稍後才出,以滿足書迷粉絲的先睹為快。因教科書也是書籍,故想來電子教科書( eTextbook)不外是電子書的一種,其功能無非讓學生先一步熟悉教材,或讓減輕中小學生書包的重量。
電子書係指透過獨特的閱讀軟體,將書籍、雜誌等圖文資料下載至個人電腦、筆記型電腦(laptop or notebook),甚或手機、PDA,供使用者瀏覽、閱讀的另類書籍形式。至於電子教科書,最簡單的說法是紙本(printed) 教科書的電子或數位版(electronic or digital version)。換言之,電子教科書提供傳統教科書之外的另種選擇,尤其當使用者是資訊知識豐富,且需自行購買教科書的大學生。
電子教科書的優勢
電子教科書的特性有三:經濟、接近性(accessibility),與功能。經濟是指使用電子教科書的費用,據估計僅是購買紙本教科書費用的一半。接近性是指學生購買Kindle, Sony Reader, APP閱讀軟體或閱讀器後,可透過iPod , iPhone 、手機、PDA能上網的區域,任何時間、任何地點都可閱讀。至於功能,是指其效用不僅可取代幾本厚重的教科書,由於儲存量大,等於隨身攜帶一個圖書館,提供更豐富完整的教材資源,且圖文、編排等與紙本教科書相較,毫不遜色。
具體的說,電子教科書有下列優點:
1. 比傳統教科書節省個人書架藏書空間
2. 符合環保,因無須砍樹造紙,也無須印製
3. 除了少數以影像形式為主的電子教科書,一般搜尋及畫重點方便
4. 如須下載,電子教科書僅佔電腦少許空間
5. 文本的字型或大小可調整
6. 電子教科書沒有運送成本,不需運送或處理費用
7. 電子教科書供應商無須投資儲藏或庫存空間
推出的時機
電子教科書近年在歐洲與美國有突破性的進展,英國、愛爾蘭等在這方面發展頗為快速。至於美國,現今許多大學正在實驗電子教科書,西北密蘇里州立大學 (Northwest Missouri State University)校長Dean Hubbard在2009年初表示,要儘速建立「全電子教科書校園」(all eTextbook campus),讓在6700名學生無須購買任何紙本教科書。09年春,該校購買了十門課的電子教科書,包括幾何、多元文化傳播、音樂欣賞等課程,供五百名學生使用,學生僅需每一學分付六美元的租費即可。
電子教科書此時推出有下列幾個因素:其一,教科書出版商的合作與投入;其二,科技的進展使得閱讀軟體問世;其三,更多可移動的載具,如手機、PDA等功能強化,如可上網、介面使用方便等;其四,資訊世代的年輕人的特性,這些學生喜歡在網路世界遨遊,且生活離不開手機、iPod等影音產品,著迷於網路與科技且樂此不疲。
電子教科書的使用
電子教科書的功能是提供學習的素材而非一般電子書的娛樂休閒,為發揮其接近性,更便於讀者使用,電子教科書除可透過個人電腦、筆電閱讀,還強調搭配閱讀軟體,在PDA、iPod Touch, iPhone手機上隨時隨地可閱讀。
學生繳付電子教科書的租費後,可在一定的期限內使用電子教科書,如一學期或六個月,過期則無法再使用。而電子教科書通常還伴隨著筆記、札記,亦可透過特定關鍵字,在電子教科書的資料庫搜尋更多的資料。在實際操作上,有翻頁鈕,讓讀者一如看書時的翻頁。
今年七月,美國最大的數位教材供應商CourseSmart 宣布與數家主要大學教科書出版商如 F.A. Davis, Jones & Bartlett, SAGE等結盟,以擴大高等教育電子教科書的範圍。目前CourseSmart擁有超過七千種的電子教科書,佔了電子教科書的絕大部分。
使用者反應
使用電子教科書的學生反應如何?以前述美國西北密蘇里州立大學的學生為例,對於電子教科書的反應,正反意見各半,贊成與反對兩方勢均力敵,無分軒輊。許多使用的學生認為,電子教科書固然有其優點,但也有缺失,如閱讀器的費用並不便宜( Kindle 閱讀器售價約350美元);電子教科書與紙本教科書的價格相較僅稍低,差距未到一半;電子教科書不方便分享與列印。位於芝加哥的「學生公共興趣研究團體」( Student Public Interest Research Group)的一項調查顯示,75%的學生表示,他們喜歡閱讀傳統紙本教科書超過電子教科書的數位文本。至於更年輕的中學生,他們期待數位教材的互動性,如動畫、遊戲或測驗等,在電子教科書卻付之闕如。
其他意見
至於電子教科書是否真的環保?恐怕也有待商榷。雖然不需紙張印刷,但電子書使用電力,除非電子教科書都太陽能化,否則供電會增加。此外,電子書的排碳量亦會影響地球暖化。
另一個考量重點是著作權。因電子教科書使用者在付費後可閱讀、下載等,是否會侵犯智慧財產權,甚或導致盜版教科書猖獗等,亦值得注意。
結語
本文的標題「電子教科書的時代已來臨?」是疑問句,筆者提出了問題,並試圖從不同的角度分析探討,而沒有直接給答案。
當問到「哪一種媒體或教學方法最好?」這沒有標準答案,因為所謂的「好」,需考量學習屬性、學習目標,使用者特性,以及其他環境脈絡因素等,因為是「量身打造」,故沒有固定答案。一如「因材施教」,適用於甲的,未必適合於乙;作為教材來源的教科書也是,無論紙本或電子版,殊途而同歸,其目的皆在促進學習者學習,提升學習成效。
電子教科書對某些特性的學習者,提供了另種選擇,且如使用得當,相信也有其成效。然考量其適用性,其適用對象應為大學生。至於身心猶在發展階段的兒童,傳統教科書提供他們更多與教師及同學真實的互動與分享經驗,故電子教科書對兒童應是補充、輔助的角色,不宜成為教科書的主流。
日前聽到英國中小學蒐集電子白板與電子書相關研究資料兩週才回國的同事談及,他參觀的小學,教室沒有黑板,老師與學生透過電腦進行各科的教學。看來,這似乎也符映了有些人認為電子書及電子教科書二十年後將為市場主流,紙本書籍將被邊緣化的趨勢。書寫至此,不禁想到1913年發明家愛迪生(Thomas Edison) 的預言:「書籍將在學校中被淘汰…藉著影片教導人類知識的每一個部分都可能實現…」事實上,愛迪生的預言並未實現,即或近一個世紀後,書籍仍然存在於學校。
別忘了人類的「慣性」和文化脈絡因素。要改變某種習慣,或養成某種新的習慣,其間的取捨與調適,不僅牽涉到個人內在複雜的心理歷程,還有文化背景與環境脈絡的考量,並非僅是表面轉換那般簡單。從教科書轉到電子教科書,其間的變化不只是少了書香味,或以翻頁鈕取代手指翻頁,那是「牽一髮動全身」,引發整體思維方式的改變。我想,即或在高等學府,電子教科書的應用,恐怕還需一段時日的觀察。
[本日誌由 lisky 於 2011-04-02 05:52 PM 編輯]
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