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網路及其社會衝擊
作者:lisky 日期:2008-07-25
網路及其社會衝擊
080725 李宗薇
前兩天到圖書館期刊室瀏覽， Information Communication & Society 期刊有篇Anderson探討「寬頻上網家庭的社會衝擊」的文章，其討論脈絡雖是歐洲國家及其人民，然可呼應國內環境，很值得一讀。
Anderson 指出一般人以為網路變為 cable modem , ADSL 寬頻環境後，會帶來社會及經濟的利益。具體的說，其一為上網快捷使得各人與人的溝通與互動增加；其二則是網路進行的電子商務 (e-commerce)帶來更多商機。作者駁斥這兩種看法，Anderson 認為網路雖強調互動，但這種互動僅是線上社交互動 ( online social interaction) 。至於促進電子商務，Anderson 以為上網時間多者，未必網上花費多，也沒有證據顯示長期上網對於e-commerce 有助益。他認為居家網路環境由窄頻變為寬頻，最大的受益者是原先即具備資訊網路相關知識技能的人；但對於原來就缺乏資訊網路技能、知識甚或自信者，變成寬頻環境，只會使得他們更落後。
他的論點不難找到佐證，所謂「網路重度使用者」，或「網路上癮者」，使用或上癮的網站，大多為聊天室、影音視訊聊天室，或其他特殊僻好網站，很少是電子商務網站；而網路互動多的可能以此替代真正的人際互動。
2006年寒假期間，和儀鴻助教及幾個同學到桃園縣某偏遠國小進行改善數位落差的教學計畫。兩天的課程中多次與當地的國中、國小行政人員及老師談起城鄉之間的差異。幾位老師異口同聲表示，國小階段差距不大，偏遠地區小學生在課業或資訊能力是不如城裡的學生，然相差有限，但進入國中後差距加深，終成雙峰現象。
那麼，政府補助偏遠地區家庭電腦及網路設備不就成了？持此觀點者，恐怕太過簡化、窄化問題了！
這問題牽涉層面廣，不以為有立竿見影、一招見效的萬靈丹。因為沒有釐清問題癥結、躁進的結果常是「短多常空」、「欲速則不達」，恐怕連「頭痛醫頭，腳痛醫腳」都談不上，頂多只是減緩症狀。更糟糕的是，求速效不僅模糊問題的焦點，更讓我們掉以輕心，錯以為問題已經解決。
消弭數位落差或提升資訊知能不能僅靠著科技政策、白皮書，或相關單位添購設備，在有形的設備與技術之下，蘊含了許多的價值、觀點及社會脈絡的相關議題。如不理會這些 underlying reasons, 只從技術層面著手，如架設寬頻之類的資訊基礎建設工程，或編列預算更新產品與設備，只是擦脂敷粉、粉飾太平，帳面上好看；如不從根本探究找原因，錢燒完了數位落差更嚴重，加速M型社會的形成。
近來忙著看同學論文修改版，有同學看到問卷統計出高年級學生的週間上網時間後，書寫「因高年級學生上網時間不長，不致於影響其觀看電視及其他的休閒活動」，此堪稱公允，沒有過度引伸。至於網路對廣告、其他媒體的衝擊，更是所在多有，如更多的人上網，會影響電視開機率、收視率下降；看的人少了，自然影響電視台的廣告營收。而最近國內電視、報紙、雜誌媒體或裁員或被併購，整體不景氣亦多少受到網路的影響，簡單的說，網路上已經有許多免費的資訊了，何必再訂報或買報紙呢？而宅男、宅女日增的現象，也反映了網路的衝擊，網路可以滿足很多聯繫、休閒娛樂等需求，宅男宅女可以過著「自給自足」、「足不出戶」的日子，那麼又何必要回到現實，跟真人互動呢？
想想我們日常生活不也如此？以為有網路虛擬環境的聯繫就夠了，也許還不到取代的程度，但可減少人際互動。前些時候聽同學說碰到某人，大概看我一臉狐疑 (我知道她們工作地點、居住處都距離甚遠，見面頗花時間) 忙補上一句，在MSN 碰到。喔，原來如此，看來我們知覺中的「見面」不太一樣。
我一向看法是，虛擬環境需要有更多的實體經驗。並非否認網路環境互動的價值，但到了某一程度，得有實體的經驗才能持續進行，否則很容易 lost in cyberspace…
如同媒體識讀能力(或稱素養)，重點不在用或不用網路及其他科技產品工具，而是怎麼用？到底什麼程度才「適宜」，才合乎「中庸之道」？
[本日誌由 lisky 於 2008-07-29 03:05 PM 編輯]
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