首爾紀行之二- 韓國人與人的關係
作者:lisky 日期:2010-08-14
首爾紀行之二- 人與人的關係
2010. 8.14 李宗薇
此趟韓國研習,首爾教育大學精心擘劃了各種課程與活動,而歡送午宴前,該校宋光鏞校長的演講- 「韓國人與人的關係」,頗發人省思。以下為內容大要(譚道經教授翻譯)。
宋校長先說他在當校長之前,不知道人與人的關係這麼重要;當了校長後,才知人與人的交往是能力的指標,不僅要慎交,還要廣泛地交。
宋校長接著問,台灣的人重視父子還是夫妻關係?他知道中國有些少數民族重視母女關係,但他想台灣或韓國社會重視的是父子垂直關係,不同於西方國家重視夫妻關係。重視父子關係的社會,即使夫妻不相愛,但因為有孩子,仍可傳承;但如重視的是夫妻關係,男女不相愛就不會結婚,婚後如夫妻不再相愛時,會覺得沒必要結合而離婚。
但近年韓國社會在轉變,從重視父子轉為重視夫妻。這種矛盾的現象,從很多韓國的電影、電視等戲劇可以看出。
兒童接受的教養,會因生長在重視父子關係,還是重視夫妻水平關係的家庭而不同。重視傳統父子關係的家庭,小孩子常睡在父母中間;但重視夫妻關係的家庭,如美國,小孩子睡在自己的房間,不與父母同房。
所以談人與人的關係,首先要清楚自己的位置。
這種「位置」的影響會延續到兒童長大成人。成人後他人接觸時,會想到對方與我的關係,是在我上面還是下面?當然,這也顯示韓國受到中國儒家的影響,如和對方初識,會問對方年齡,如果兩人同年齡,會問對方幾月生的?因為韓國社會很重視順序、位置。韓國人交流重面子,不會直呼對方的名字。
以餐桌來說,主位在哪,座位的大小順序都有一定,大位是面對門的位置,這通常由年長者、組織高層或主客來坐。請問同學,如你是組織裡的新人,你的位置在哪呢?你的位置應是最靠門的角落位置,因為在角落的人要工作,如幫忙遞東西、拿酒等。你如進餐廳不知道坐哪裡時,建議你站著就好。
這種上下關係,組織或單位裡上位者為下位者付出很多,下面的人體認這些恩惠,故要作得更好以示感恩、報恩。在西方,上面的人給下面的人小費,但在韓國,是下面的給上面的,以表示對上位者、對組織領導人的尊敬。如對象是國家,就是愛國。韓國有今天的成就,很多人認為是因為韓國人比其他國家的人有更強的愛國心。
其次要談的是「情」。
這是指下面的人對上面的人有特殊的感覺,重視這份情,要報恩。很多時候法令明明不可,但因為對方一再拜託,因為重視「情」,就特別開恩;下面的人送禮報恩,上面的人接受,這就是收受賄賂了。
這種重視「情」、重視「義氣」,發揮得好,會有正面的效用,如世界杯足球賽,大家團結為國家代表隊加油;但有時也會帶來非理性行為,造成很大的破壞力量。以喝酒為例,韓國人是勸人喝酒,空杯會受人指責,要添酒,且誰敬我酒,我要還給誰。喝酒相聚時,人們要像波浪似的喝酒,喝醉是正常,尤其是當大家一起醉的時候。當聽到「你喝醉了」時,韓國人會認為只有不喝酒的人才會這麼說。
第三是韓國人對朋友深交。
韓國人外在自我的牆壁很厚,但只要打破,內在自我很容易出來;這和西方人正相反,西方人看來很容易接近,實則很難深交,西方人內在的自我牆壁很厚。韓國人坐火車時,不會輕易跟人搭訕;韓國的精神病患者比西方人少,西方人是花錢找心理醫生談話,以打開自己的內心。
總之,韓國人的人際關係可分三種,對不認識的人是冷淡;對知道的人,有表面的體面;唯有對親近的人、真正的朋友,才會深交,甚或會犧牲自我為對方服務。最後宋校長強調,現在人的關係不再是固定,上位或下位不再一成不變,如何廣泛接觸有關係的人、且深交而非表面接觸,才會成為我們的人際資產。
聽完宋校長的演講,有茅塞頓開、原來如此之感,也印證我兩次韓國參訪、在美留學時與韓國同學的接觸,及看韓劇(五部之內)的有限經驗。而人際是重垂直或水平關係,雖有些簡化,然不失便於「理想類型」(ideal type)的討論。
中、韓受儒家影響,人際互動講倫理、重順序,只是台灣原就為移民社會與島嶼屬性,再加上近十餘年來主政者操弄「台灣意識」、「去中國化」,不少傳統觀念因「草上之風必偃」而逐漸式微,以「尊敬長輩長」、「尊師」為例,台灣遠不如韓國。
在地球村的資訊時代,無論台灣或韓國,面對傳統與現代的拉鋸,要去蕪存菁,保留優良傳統,著實不容易。現代社會人際的互動及流動比以往更快速、更短暫,故人們在界定自己與他人關係時,應清楚環境脈絡與社會架構,在此範疇以合乎禮節又具彈性的心態面對,才不致失之過偏。
[本日誌由 lisky 於 2014-04-11 09:52 AM 編輯]
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